Dedication
Preface
In Memoriam for Alfred Rudin (1924–2011)
Chapter 1. Introductory Concepts and Definitions
1.1 Some Definitions
1.2 Degree of Polymerization
1.3 Polymerization and Functionality
1.4 Why Are Synthetic Polymers Useful? [3]
1.5 Copolymers
1.6 Molecular Architecture
1.7 Thermoplastics and Thermosets
1.8 Elastomers, Fibers, and Plastics
1.9 Miscellaneous Terms
1.10 Polymer Nomenclature
1.11 Constitutional Isomerism
1.12 Configurational Isomerism
1.13 Polymer Conformation
1.14 Molecular Dimensions in the Amorphous State
References
Chapter 2. Basic Principles of Polymer Molecular Weights
2.1 Importance of Molecular Weight Control
2.2 Plan of This Chapter
2.3 Arithmetic Mean
2.4 Molecular Weight Averages as Ratios of Moments
2.5 Breadth of the Distribution
2.6 Summarizing the Molecular Weight Distribution
2.7
2.8 Integral and Summative Expressions
2.9 Typical Molecular Weight Distributions
Appendix 2A
Reference
Chapter 3. Practical Aspects of Molecular Weight Measurements
3.1 Methods
3.2 Light Scattering
3.3 Dilute Solution Viscometry
3.4 Size Exclusion Chromatography
Appendix 3A Multigrade Motor Oils [29]
References
Chapter 4. Mechanical Properties of Polymer Solids and Liquids
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Thermal Transitions
4.3 Crystallization of Polymers
4.4 The Glass Transition
4.5 Rubber Elasticity
4.6 Rodlike Macromolecules
4.7 Polymer Viscoelasticity
4.8 Dynamic Mechanical Behavior at Thermal Transitions
4.9 Stress–Strain Tests
4.10 Crazing in Glassy Polymers
4.11 Fracture Mechanics
4.12 Toughness and Brittleness
4.13 Rheology
4.14 Effects of Fabrication Processes
References
Chapter 5. Polymer Mixtures
5.1 Compatibility
5.2 Thermodynamic Theories
5.3 Solvents and Plasticizers
5.4 Fractionation
5.5 Practical Aspects of Polymer Blending [19]
5.6 Reinforced Elastomers
5.7 Reinforced Plastics
References
Chapter 6. Diffusion in Polymers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fick’s Laws
6.3 Diffusion Coefficients
6.4 Mutual Diffusion
6.5 Self-Diffusion of Polymer Chains in Dilute Polymer Solutions
6.6 Self-Diffusion of Solvent in Polymers
References
Chapter 7. Step-Growth Polymerizations
7.1 Condensation and Addition Polymers
7.2 Step-Growth and Chain-Growth Polymerizations
7.3 Requirements for Step-Growth Polymerization
7.4 Polymer Size and Extent of Conversion of Functional Groups in Equilibrium Step-Growth Polymerizations
7.5 Interfacial and Solution Polymerizations of Acid Chlorides and Other Reactive Monomers
7.6 Step-Growth Copolymerizations
References
Chapter 8. Free-Radical Polymerization
8.1 Scope
8.2 Polymerizability of Monomers
8.3 Overall Kinetics of Radical Polymerization
8.4 A Note on Termination Rate Constants
8.5 Methods of Producing Radicals
8.6 Length of the Kinetic Chain and Number Average Degree of Polymerization of the Polymer
8.7 Modes of Termination
8.8 Chain Transfer
8.9 Inhibition and Retardation
8.10 Readily Observable Features of Free-Radical Polymerizations
8.11 Radical Lifetimes and Concentrations
8.12 Determination of kp and kt
8.13 Deviations from Ideal Kinetics
8.14 Molecular Weight Distribution
8.15 Free-Radical Techniques for Polymers with Narrower Molecular Weight Distributions
8.16 Effects of Temperature
8.17 Free-Radical Polymerization Processes
References
Chapter 9. Copolymerization
9.1 Chain-Growth Copolymerization
9.2 Simple Copolymer Equation
9.3 Copolymer Structure Inferences from Reactivity Ratios
9.4 Azeotropic Compositions
9.5 Integrated Binary Copolymer Equation
9.6 Determination of Reactivity Ratios
9.7 Multicomponent Copolymerizations
9.8 Sequence Distribution in Copolymers
9.9 Gel Formation During Copolymerization and Cross-Linking [22]
9.10 Reactivities of Radicals and Monomers
9.11 Analysis of Reactivity Data
9.12 Effect of Reaction Conditions
9.13 Rates of Free-Radical Copolymerizations
9.14 Alternative Copolymerization Models
References
Chapter 10. Dispersion and Emulsion Polymerizations
10.1 Dispersion Polymerization
10.2 Emulsion Polymerization
10.3 Other Ingredients in Emulsion Recipes
10.4 Emulsion Polymerization Processes
References
Chapter 11. Ionic and Coordinated Polymerizations
11.1 Comparison of Ionic and Free-Radical Polymerizations
11.2 Anionic Polymerization
11.3 Group Transfer Polymerization
11.4 Cationic Polymerization
11.5 Coordination Polymerization
11.6 Olefin Metathesis Catalysts
References
Chapter 12. Polymer Reaction Engineering
12.1 Scope
12.2 Step-Growth Polymerizations
12.3 Chain-Growth Polymerizations
12.4 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Polymerization Processes
12.5 Batch, Semibatch, and Continuous Processes
12.6 Polymerization Reactors
References
Chapter 13. Biopolymers
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Natural Polymers
13.3 Bio-Based Polymers (Bioplastics)
13.4 Biopolymer Blends and Biocomposites
13.5 Future of Bioplastic Products
References
Appendix A. Conversion of Units
Appendix B. List of Symbols
Index
