MIPS Reference Data
In Praise of Computer Organization and Design The HardwareSoftware Interface Revised Fourth Edition
Acknowledgments
Dedication
Preface
1. Computer Abstractions and Technology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Below Your Program
1.3 Under the Covers
1.4 Performance
1.5 The Power Wall
1.6 The Sea Change: The Switch from Uniprocessors to Multiprocessors
1.7 Real Stuff: Manufacturing and Benchmarking the AMD Opteron X4
1.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls
1.9 Concluding Remarks
Historical Perspective and Further Reading
1.11 Exercises
2. Instructions
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Operations of the Computer Hardware
2.3 Operands of the Computer Hardware
2.4 Signed and Unsigned Numbers
2.5 Representing Instructions in the Computer
2.6 Logical Operations
2.7 Instructions for Making Decisions
2.8 Supporting Procedures in Computer Hardware
2.9 Communicating with People
2.10 MIPS Addressing for 32-bit Immediates and Addresses
2.11 Parallelism and Instructions: Synchronization
2.12 Translating and Starting a Program
2.13 A C Sort Example to Put It All Together
2.14 Arrays versus Pointers
Advanced Material: Compiling C and Interpreting Java
2.16 Real Stuff: ARM Instructions
2.17 Real Stuff: x86 Instructions
2.18 Fallacies and Pitfalls
2.19 Concluding Remarks
Historical Perspective and Further Reading Historical Perspective and Further Reading
2.21 Exercises
3. Arithmetic for Computers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Addition and Subtraction
3.3 Multiplication
3.4 Division
3.5 Floating Point
3.6 Parallelism and Computer Arithmetic: Associativity
3.7 Real Stuff: Floating Point in the x86
3.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls
3.9 Concluding Remarks
Historical Perspective and Further Reading
3.11 Exercises
4. The Processor
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Logic Design Conventions
4.3 Building a Datapath
4.4 A Simple Implementation Scheme
4.5 An Overview of Pipelining
4.6 Pipelined Datapath and Control
4.7 Data Hazards: Forwarding versus Stalling
4.8 Control Hazards
4.9 Exceptions
4.10 Parallelism and Advanced Instruction-Level Parallelism
4.11 Real Stuff: the AMD Opteron X4 (Barcelona) Pipeline
Advanced Topic: an Introduction to Digital Design Using a Hardware Design Language to Describe and Model a Pipeline and More Pipelining Illustrations
4.13 Fallacies and Pitfalls
4.14 Concluding Remarks
Historical Perspective and Further Reading
4.16 Exercises
5. Large and Fast
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Basics of Caches
5.3 Measuring and Improving Cache Performance
5.4 Virtual Memory
5.5 A Common Framework for Memory Hierarchies
5.6 Virtual Machines
5.7 Using a Finite-State Machine to Control a Simple Cache
5.8 Parallelism and Memory Hierarchies: Cache Coherence
Advanced Material: Implementing Cache Controllers
5.10 Real Stuff: the AMD Opteron X4 (Barcelona) and Intel Nehalem Memory Hierarchies
5.11 Fallacies and Pitfalls
5.12 Concluding Remarks
Historical Perspective and Further Reading
5.14 Exercises
6. Storage and Other I/O Topics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Dependability, Reliability, and Availability
6.3 Disk Storage
6.4 Flash Storage
6.5 Connecting Processors, Memory, and I/O Devices
6.6 Interfacing I/O Devices to the Processor, Memory, and Operating System
6.7 I/O Performance Measures: Examples from Disk and File Systems
6.8 Designing an I/O System
6.9 Parallelism and I/O: Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks
6.10 Real Stuff: Sun Fire x4150 Server
Advanced Topics: Networks
6.12 Fallacies and Pitfalls
6.13 Concluding Remarks
Historical Perspective and Further Reading
6.15 Exercises
7. Multicores, Multiprocessors, and Clusters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Difficulty of Creating Parallel Processing Programs
7.3 Shared Memory Multiprocessors
7.4 Clusters and Other Message-Passing Multiprocessors
7.5 Hardware Multithreading
7.6 SISD, MIMD, SIMD, SPMD, and Vector
7.7 Introduction to Graphics Processing Units
7.8 Introduction to Multiprocessor Network Topologies
7.9 Multiprocessor Benchmarks
7.10 Roofline: A Simple Performance Model
7.11 Real Stuff: Benchmaking Four Multicores Using the Roofline Model
7.12 Fallacies and Pitfalls
7.13 Concluding Remarks
7.14 Historical Perspective and Further Reading
7.15 Exercises
APPENDIX A. Graphics and Computing GPUs
A.1 Introduction
A.2 GPU System Architectures
A.3 Programming GPUs
A.4 Multithreaded Multiprocessor Architecture
A.5 Parallel Memory System
A.6 Floating-point Arithmetic
A.7 Real Stuff: The NVIDIA GeForce 8800
A.8 Real Stuff: Mapping Applications to GPUs
A.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls
A.10 Concluding Remarks
A.11 Historical Perspective and Further Reading
APPENDIX B. Assemblers, Linkers, and the SPIM Simulator
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Assemblers
B.3 Linkers
B.4 Loading
B.5 Memory Usage
B.6 Procedure Call Convention
B.7 Exceptions and Interrupts
B.8 Input and Output
B.9 SPIM
B.10 MIPS R2000 Assembly Language
B.11 Concluding Remarks
B.12 Exercises
Further Reading
Index
