Dedication
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Dynamic Meteorology
1.2 Conservation of Momentum
1.3 Noninertial Reference Frames and “Apparent” Forces
1.4 Structure of the Static Atmosphere
1.5 Kinematics
1.6 Scale Analysis
Suggested References
Chapter 2. Basic Conservation Laws
2.1 Total Differentiation
2.2 The Vectorial Form of the Momentum Equation in Rotating Coordinates
2.3 Component Equations in Spherical Coordinates
2.4 Scale Analysis of the Equations of Motion
2.5 The Continuity Equation
2.6 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation
2.7 Thermodynamics of the Dry Atmosphere
2.8 The Boussinesq Approximation
2.9 Thermodynamics of the Moist Atmosphere
Suggested References
Chapter 3. Elementary Applications of the Basic Equations
3.1 Basic Equations in Isobaric Coordinates
3.2 Balanced Flow
3.3 Trajectories and Streamlines
3.4 The Thermal Wind
3.5 Vertical Motion
3.6 Surface Pressure Tendency
Chapter 4. Circulation, Vorticity, and Potential Vorticity
4.1 The Circulation Theorem
4.2 Vorticity
4.3 The Vorticity Equation
4.4 Potential Vorticity
4.5 Shallow Water Equations
4.6 Ertel Potential Vorticity in Isentropic Coordinates
Suggested References
Chapter 5. Atmospheric Oscillations: Linear Perturbation Theory
5.1 The Perturbation Method
5.2 Properties of Waves
5.3 Simple Wave Types
5.4 Internal Gravity (Buoyancy) Waves
5.5 Linear Waves of A Rotating Stratified Atmosphere
5.6 Adjustment to Geostrophic Balance
5.7 Rossby Waves
Suggested References
Chapter 6. Quasi-geostrophic Analysis
6.1 The Observed Structure of Extratropical Circulations
6.2 Derivation of the Quasi-Geostrophic Equations
6.3 Potential vorticity derivation of the QG equations
6.4 Potential Vorticity Thinking
6.5 Vertical Motion (w) Thinking
6.6 Idealized Model of a Baroclinic Disturbance
6.7 Isobaric Form of the QG Equations
Suggested References
Chapter 7. Baroclinic Development
7.1 Hydrodynamic Instability
7.2 Normal Mode Baroclinic Instability: A Two-Layer Model
7.3 The Energetics of Baroclinic Waves
7.4 Baroclinic Instability of a Continuously Stratified Atmosphere
7.5 Growth and Propagation of Neutral Modes
Suggested References
Chapter 8. The Planetary Boundary Layer
8.1 Atmospheric Turbulence
8.2 Turbulent Kinetic Energy
8.3 Planetary Boundary Layer Momentum Equations
8.4 Secondary Circulations and Spin Down
Suggested References
Chapter 9. Mesoscale Circulations
9.1 Energy Sources for Mesoscale Circulations
9.2 Fronts and Frontogenesis
9.3 Symmetric Baroclinic Instability
9.4 Mountain Waves
9.5 Cumulus Convection
9.6 Convective Storms
9.7 Hurricanes
Suggested References
Chapter 10. The General Circulation
10.1 The Nature of the Problem
10.2 The Zonally Averaged Circulation
10.3 The Angular Momentum Budget
10.4 The Lorenz Energy Cycle
10.5 Longitudinally Dependent Time-Averaged Flow
10.6 Low-Frequency Variability
10.7 Numerical Simulation of the General Circulation
10.8 Climate Sensitivity, Feedbacks, and Uncertainty
Suggested References
Chapter 11. Tropical Dynamics
11.1 The Observed Structure of Large-Scale Tropical Circulations
11.2 Scale Analysis of Large-Scale Tropical Motions
11.3 Condensation Heating
11.4 Equatorial Wave Theory
11.5 Steady Forced Equatorial Motions
Suggested References
Chapter 12. Middle Atmosphere Dynamics
12.1 Structure and Circulation of the Middle Atmosphere
12.2 The Zonal-Mean Circulation of the Middle Atmosphere
12.3 Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves
12.4 Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
12.5 Waves in the Equatorial Stratosphere
12.6 The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation
12.7 Trace Constituent Transport
Suggested References
Chapter 13. Numerical Modeling and Prediction
13.1 Historical Background
13.2 Numerical Approximation of the Equations of Motion
13.3 The Barotropic Vorticity Equation in Finite Differences
13.4 The Spectral Method
13.5 Primitive Equation Models
13.6 Data Assimilation
13.7 Predictability and Ensemble Forecasting
Suggested References
Appendix A: Useful Constants and Parameters
Appendix B: List of Symbols
Appendix C: Vector Analysis
C.1 Vector Identities
C.2 Integral Theorems
C.3 Vector Operations in Various Coordinate Systems
Appendix D: Moisture Variables
D.1 Equivalent Potential Temperature
D.2 Pseudoadiabatic Lapse Rate
Appendix E: Standard Atmosphere Data
Appendix F: Symmetric Baroclinic Oscillations
Appendix G: Conditional Probability and Likelihood
Index
