Dedication
Preface
Part I: Adult Female and Male Reproductive Systems
Chapter 1. Endocrinology, Brain, and Pituitary Gland
Abstract
Introduction
Biology of the Endocrine System
Science of Endocrinology
Hormones
Receptors
Synthetic Hormones
How the Brain and Pituitary Control Reproduction
Feedback Control of Gonadotropin Secretion
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 2. The Female Reproductive System
Abstract
Introduction
Ovaries
Oviducts
Uterus
Vagina
Female External Genitalia
Mammary Glands
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 3. The Menstrual Cycle
Abstract
Introduction
Reproductive Cycles in Mammals
Major Events in the Menstrual Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle in Detail
Variations in Length of Menstrual Cycle Phases
Methods for Detecting Ovulation
Premenstrual Syndrome
Dysmenorrhea
Absence of Menstruation
Menstrual Taboos
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 4. The Male Reproductive System
Abstract
Introduction
Testes
Male Sex Accessory Ducts and Glands
Penis
Scrotum
Summary
Further Reading
Part II: Sexual Differentiation and Development
Chapter 5. Sexual Differentiation
Abstract
Introduction
Chromosomal Sex
X Chromosome
Y Chromosome
Development of the Reproductive System
Gonadal Sex Differentiation
Differentiation of Sex Accessory Ducts and Glands
Differentiation of External Genitalia
Summary of Sexual Determination and Development
Disorders of Sexual Determination and Development
Reproductive System in the Newborn
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 6. Puberty
Abstract
Introduction
Puberty and Its Timing
Gonadal Changes from Birth to Puberty
Hormone Levels from Fetus to Puberty
Environmental Factors and Puberty
Genetics and Age of Puberty
Puberty and Psychosocial Adjustment
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 7. Reproductive Aging
Abstract
Introduction
Menopause
Timing of Menopause
Perimenopause
Premature Menopause
Symptoms of Menopause
Endocrine Changes during Menopause
Decline in Fertility
Determining Female Reproductive Age
Osteoporosis and Other Postmenopausal Disorders
Treatments for Menopausal Symptoms: Benefits and Risks
Andropause
Summary
Further Reading
Part III: Procreation
Chapter 8. The Human Sexual Response
Abstract
Introduction
Sex Roles
Sexual Arousal
The Sexual Response Cycle
Coitus (Sexual Intercourse)
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Sexual Dysfunction
Drugs and Human Sexual Behavior
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 9. Gamete Transport and Fertilization
Abstract
Introduction
Semen Release
Contents of Seminal Plasma
Sperm Number and Structure
Sperm Transport and Maturation in the Female Reproductive Tract
Transport of the Sperm and Ovum in the Oviduct
Sperm Capacitation and Hyperactivation
The Process of Fertilization
Chemical Inhibition of Fertilization
Sex Ratios
Sex Preselection
Multiple Embryos
Parthenogenesis
Chromosomal Aberrations
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 10. Pregnancy
Abstract
Introduction
What is Pregnancy?
Signs of Pregnancy
Pregnancy Tests
Early Pregnancy
The Process of Pregnancy
Twin Pregnancies
Embryonic and Fetal Development
Fetal Disorders
Fetal Evaluation
The Pregnant Woman
Chances of a Successful Pregnancy
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 11. Labor and Birth
Abstract
Introduction
Time of Birth
Hormones and Birth
Induced Labor
Preparation for Labor
The Birth Process
Preterm Births
Multiple Births
Difficult Fetal Positions
Handling Difficult Births
Use of Medications during Labor
Natural Birthing Methods
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 12. The Neonate and the New Parents
Abstract
Introduction
Treatment of the Newborn
Adaptations of the Newborn
What a Newborn Looks Like
Disorders of the Newborn
Condition of the New Mother
Breast-Feeding
Summary
Further Reading
Part IV: Fertility and Its Control
Chapter 13. Contraception
Abstract
Introduction
Hormonal Contraception
The Combination Pill
Minipill (Progestin-Only Pill)
Subdermal Progestin Implants
Injectable Hormones
Transdermal Hormone Delivery
Vaginal Ring Hormonal Delivery Method
Emergency Contraception
Intrauterine Devices
Spermicides
Diaphragm
Cervical Cap
Sponge Contraceptive
Male and Female Condoms
Coitus Interruptus
Coitus Reservatus and Coitus Obstructus
Natural Family Planning
Is Breast-feeding a Contraceptive Measure?
Surgical Sterilization
Limitations of Current Contraceptives
Choosing a Contraceptive
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 14. Induced Abortion
Abstract
Introduction
Induced Abortion in the United States
Why Women Have Abortions
First Trimester-Induced Abortions
Second Trimester-Induced Abortions
Third Trimester-Induced Abortions
Folk Abortifacients
Safety and Consequences of Induced Abortion
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 15. Infertility
Abstract
Introduction
Seeking Medical Help for Infertility
Female Infertility
Male Infertility
Assisted Reproductive Techniques
Adoption
Summary
Further Reading
Part V: Special Topics in Human Reproductive Biology
Chapter 16. Brain Sex
Abstract
Introduction
Biological Causes of Brain Sex Differences
Sex Differences in Neonatal Behavior
Sex Differences in Childhood Behavior
Sex Differences in Adult Cognition and Motor Skills
Sex Differences in Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases
Sex Differences in Brain Structure
Brain Sex Differences in the “Surge Center”
Brain Sex and Human Sexual Behavior
Gender Identity and TranSsexualism
Sex Differences in Aggression
Conclusion
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 17. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Bacterial STDs
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Chancroid
Granuloma Inguinale
Viral STDs
Genital Herpes
Human Papillomavirus
Viral Hepatitis B
Molluscum Contagiosum
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
STDs Not Caused by Bacteria or Viruses
Trichomoniasis
Pediculosis Pubis
Scabies
Common Infections of the Reproductive Tract
Preventing Sexually Transmitted Disease
Summary
Further Reading
Glossary
Index
