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Research Methodology and Biostatistics,

Edition 1 A Comprehensive Guide for Health Care Professionals

Editors: By Suresh Sharma

Publication Date: 14 Dec 2016

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Essentials of Research Methodology and Biostatistics—A Comprehensive Guide for Health Care Professionals is a precisely written textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate medical, dental, nursing, physiotherapy, clinical psychology and other allied health care profession students. The book is an excellent attempt towards introducing the students and faculty members to the various research methodologies adopted in the field of health sciences to record health-related data.

Key Features

Easy to follow: An applied, user-friendly textbook with self-explanatory simple language and presentation for the students.

An example-oriented book: Plenty of examples to equip the students to prepare for exams as well as independently conduct their research activities.

Illustrative presentation: Diagrammatic and tabular presentation of content to facilitate quick review and recall of important concepts.

Systematic and logical organization: Content organized in systematic and logical manner to facilitate better understanding.

Qualitative and quantitative research methods, analysis: Adequate coverage of quantitative as well as qualitative research process, methodology and analysis.

Authentic content: Content reviewed, authenticated by a panel of renowned faculty members/experts.

Unique content: Several unique topics such as sample size calculation, uses of different parametric and nonparametric statistical tests, methods, qualitative research process, and analysis included, with practical examples from Indian scenario, which are rarely found in other research methodology books.

Enormous knowledge in a nutshell: In-depth coverage of all aspects of research methodology and biostatistics in a concise manner.

Review questions: About 150 end-of-chapter MCQs, a useful resource for the readers to review their preparation for the university exams and also to prepare for qualifying entrance exams for postgraduate and doctoral courses.

About the author

By Suresh Sharma

Chapter 1. Introduction to Medical Research, 1

Meaning of research and medical research, 2

Research terminologies, 3

Need and purposes of research in health sciences, 5

Importance and significance of research in health sciences, 5

Historical evolution of clinical research in India, 6

Characteristics of a good research, 7

Types of research, 8

Research process, 11

Chapter 2. Research Problem and Hypothesis, 21

Research problem, 22

Meaning of research problem, 22

Identification of a research problem, 22

Sources of a research problem, 23

Criteria for a good research problem, 24

Formulating a problem statement, 26

Variables, 28

Operations definitions, 30

Writing research objectives, 32

Hypothesis, 34

Meaning of hypothesis, 36

Importance of hypotheses in research, 36

Characteristics of a good hypothesis, 37

Sources of hypotheses, 38

Types of hypotheses, 38

Formulating hypotheses, 39

Delimitations, 41

Chapter 3. Literature Review, 46

Meaning of literature review, 47

Importance of a literature review, 47

Purposes of a literature review, 48

Types of literature reviews, 48

Sources of a literature, 50

Steps of a literature review, 54

Points to be considered for a literature review, 59

Chapter 4. Research Designs, 62

Meaning of research design, 63

Selection of a research design, 63

Validity of a research design, 64

Types of research designs, 66

Quantitative research designs, 66

Qualitative research designs, 90

Mixed methods/triangulation, 103

Chapter 5. Randomized Controlled Trials, 108

Meaning of randomized controlled trials, 109

History of randomized controlled trials, 109

Characteristics of randomized controlled trials, 109

Randomization in randomized controlled trials, 110

Types of randomized controlled trials, 110

Use of placebo in randomized controlled trials, 112

Difficulties in conducting randomized controlled trials, 113

Advantages of randomized controlled trials, 113

Disadvantages of randomized controlled trials, 113

Chapter 6. Sampling and Sample Size Determination, 116

Terminologies used in sampling, 117

Purpose of sampling, 118

Characteristics of a good sample, 118

Sampling process, 118

Factors influencing a sampling process, 119

Types of sampling techniques, 120

Probability sampling, 122

Nonprobability sampling, 127

Sample size estimation, 133

Probability and sampling errors, 143

Problems of sampling, 145

Chapter 7. Measurements and Methods of Data

Collection, 148

Scales of measurements, 149

Concept of data collection, 150

Questionnaire, 153

Interview as method of data collection, 157

Composite scales/attitude scales, 161

Likert scale, 162

Semantic diff erential scale, 163

Visual analog scale, 164

Observation as method of data collection, 165

Rating scale, 168

Checklist, 170

Biophysiological methods, 172

Projective technique, 174

Q-sorts, 176

Vignettes, 177

Validity of research tool, 179

Reliability of research tools, 180

Pilot study, 183

Chapter 8. Analysis of Data, 187

Definitions of data analysis, 188

Analysis of quantitative data, 188

Parametric tests, 194

Nonparametric tests, 196

Software analysis of quantitative data, 198

Analysis of qualitative data, 200

Chapter 9. Descriptive Statistics, 214

Meaning of statistics and biostatistics, 215

Uses of application of statistics, 215

Terms related to biostatistics, 215

Classification of statistics, 216

Frequency distribution, 216

Measures of central tendency, 223

Measures of dispersion, 227

Chapter 10. Measures of Relationship and Inferential Statistics, 231

Normal probability curve, 232

Correlation coefficient, 233

Scatter diagram method, 235

Product moment correlation, 237

Regression analysis, 239

Inferential statistics, 242

Parametric tests, 244

t-Test, 244

Z-test, 246

ANOVA, 247

Nonparametric tests, 250

Chi-square test, 250

Sign test, 251

Wilcoxon signed rank test, 252

Mann–Whitney test, 253

Chapter 11. Writing Proposals, Reports and Publications, 258

Criteria for communicating research, 259

Methods of communicating research, 259

Writing a research report, 261

Format of a thesis or dissertation, 263

Writing references/bibliography, 265

Writing scientific articles, 274

Critical review of research work, 275

Developing and presenting a research proposal, 279

Uses of computer in medical research, 284

Chapter 12. Ethical Issues in Biomedical Research in India, 289

Principles of ethics in biomedical research, 290

Ethics and regulation in biomedical research – international guidelines, 291

Ethics and regulation in biomedical research – national guidelines, 297

Patient information document and informed consent, 299

Compensation for participation in research, 302

Conflict of interest in research, 302

General and specific principles for clinical evaluation of drugs/clinical trials guidelines in India, 303

Institute ethical committee, 307

Appendices, 311

Index, 331

ISBN: 9788131244425

Page Count: 352

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