Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Human Osteology
1.2. A Guide to the Text
1.3. Teaching Osteology
1.4. Resources for the Osteologist
1.5. Studying Osteology
1.6. Working with Human Bones
Chapter 2. Anatomical Terminology
2.1. Planes of Reference
2.2. Directional Terms
2.3. Motions of the Body
2.4. General Bone Features
2.5. Useful Prefixes and Suffixes
2.6. Anatomical Regions
2.7. Shape-related Terms
Chapter 3. Bone Biology and Variation
3.1. Variation
3.2. A Few Facts about Bone
3.3. Bones as Elements of the Musculoskeletal System
3.4. Gross Anatomy of Bones
3.5. Molecular Structure of Bone
3.6. Histology and Metabolism of Bone
3.7. Bone Growth
3.8. Morphogenesis
3.9. Bone Repair
Chapter 4. Skull
4.1. Handling the Skull
4.2. Elements of the Skull
4.3. Growth and Architecture, Sutures and Sinuses
4.4. Skull Orientation
4.5. Craniometric Landmarks
4.6. Learning Cranial Skeletal Anatomy
4.7. Frontal (Figures 4.13–4.16)
4.8. Parietals (Figures 4.17–4.18)
4.9. Temporals (Figures 4.19–4.21)
4.10. Auditory Ossicles (Figure 4.22)
4.11. Occipital (Figures 4.23–4.24)
4.12. Maxillae (Figure 4.25)
4.13. Palatines (Figure 4.26)
4.14. Vomer (Figure 4.27)
4.15. Inferior Nasal Conchae (Figure 4.28)
4.16. Ethmoid (Figure 4.29)
4.17. Lacrimals (Figure 4.30)
4.18. Nasals (Figure 4.31)
4.19. Zygomatics (Figure 4.32)
4.20. Sphenoid (Figures 4.33–4.36)
4.21. Mandible (Figures 4.37–4.39)
4.22. Measurements of the Skull: Craniometrics
4.23. Cranial Nonmetric Traits
4.24. Mastication
Chapter 5. Teeth
5.1. Dental Form and Function
5.2. Dental Terminology
5.3. Anatomy of a Tooth
5.4. Dental Development
5.5. Tooth Identification
5.6. To Which Category Does the Tooth Belong? (Figure 5.5)
5.7. Is the Tooth Permanent or Deciduous? (Figure 5.6)
5.8. Is the Tooth an Upper or a Lower?
5.9. What is the Position of the Tooth?
5.10. Is the Tooth from the Right or the Left Side?
5.11. Dental Measurements: Odontometrics (Figure 5.21)
5.12. Dental Nonmetric Traits
Chapter 6. Hyoid and Vertebrae
6.1. Hyoid (Figure 6.1)
6.2. General Characteristics of Vertebrae
6.3. Cervical Vertebrae (n = 7) (Figures 6.2 and 6.6)
6.4. Thoracic Vertebrae (n = 12) (Figures 6.3 and 6.8)
6.5. Lumbar Vertebrae (n = 5) (Figures 6.4, 6.10, and 6.11)
6.6. Vertebral Measurements (Figure 6.12)
6.7. Vertebral Nonmetric Traits
6.8. Functional Aspects of the Vertebrae
Chapter 7. Thorax
7.1. Sternum (Figures 7.1–7.2)
7.2. Ribs (Figures 7.3–7.6)
7.3. Functional Aspects of the Thoracic Skeleton
Chapter 8. Shoulder Girdle
8.1. Clavicle (Figures 8.1–8.5, 8.10)
8.2. Scapula (Figures 8.6–8.11)
8.3. Functional Aspects of the Shoulder Girdle
Chapter 9. Arm
9.1. Humerus (Figures 9.1–9.8)
9.2. Radius (Figures 9.7, 9.9–9.15)
9.3. Ulna (Figures 9.7, 9.16–9.22)
9.4. Functional Aspects of the Elbow and Wrist
Chapter 10. Hand
10.1. Carpals (Figures 10.4–10.11)
10.2. Metacarpals (Figures 10.12–10.18)
10.3. Hand Phalanges (Figures 10.12–10.14, 10.19–10.21)
10.4. Functional Aspects of the Hand
Chapter 11. Pelvis
11.1. Sacrum (Figures 11.1–1.5)
11.2. Coccyx (Figure 11.6)
11.3. Os Coxae (vav–11.12)
11.4. Pelvis (Figures 11.13–11.14)
11.5. Functional Aspects of the Pelvic Girdle
Chapter 12. Leg
12.1. Femur (Figures 12.1–12.8)
12.2. Patella (Figures 12.9–12.10)
12.3. Tibia (Figures 12.11–12.17)
12.4. Fibula (Figures 12.18–12.23)
12.5. Functional Aspects of the Knee and Ankle
Chapter 13. Foot
13.1. Tarsals
13.2. Metatarsals (Figures 13.18–13.22)
13.3. Foot Phalanges (Figures 13.18–13.20, 13.26–13.27)
13.4. Functional Aspects of the Foot
Chapter 14. Anatomical and Biomechanical Context
14.1. Anatomical Conventions
14.2. Biomechanical Conventions
14.3. Interpreting the Figures
14.4. Cranium and Mandible
14.5. Clavicle
14.6. Humerus
14.7. Radius
14.8. Ulna
14.9. Os Coxae
14.10. Femur
14.11. Tibia
14.12. Fibula
Chapter 15. Field Procedures for Skeletal Remains
15.1. Search
15.2. Discovery
15.3. Excavation and Retrieval
15.4. Transport
Chapter 16. Laboratory Procedures and Reporting
16.1. Setting
16.2. Stabilization
16.3. Preparation
16.4. Restoration
16.5. Sorting
16.6. Metric Acquisition and Analysis
16.7. Photography
16.8. Radiography
16.9. Microscopy
16.10. Molding and Casting
16.11. Computing
16.12. Reporting
16.13. Curation
Chapter 17. Ethics in Osteology
17.1. Ethics and the Law
17.2. Respecting the Dead: Appropriate Individual Behavior
17.3. Speaking for the Dead: Ethics in Forensic Osteology
17.4. Caring for the Dead: Considerations in the Curation of Remains
17.5. Custody of the Dead: “Repatriation¿ and the U.S. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
17.6. Ethics in Human Paleontology
17.7. Relevant Codes of Ethics and Ethical Statements
Chapter 18. Assessment of Age, Sex, Stature, Ancestry, and Identity of the Individual
18.1. Accuracy, Precision, and Reliability of Determinations
18.2. From Known to Unknown: Using Standard Series
18.3. Estimation of Age
18.4. Determination of Sex
18.5. Estimation of Stature
18.6. Estimation of Ancestry
18.7. Identifying the Individual
Chapter 19. Osteological and Dental Pathology
19.1. Description and Diagnosis
19.2. Skeletal Trauma
19.3. Congenital Disorders
19.4. Circulatory Disorders
19.5. Joint Diseases
19.6. Infectious Diseases and Associated Manifestations
19.7. Metabolic Diseases
19.8. Endocrine Disorders
19.9. Hematopoietic and Hematological Disorders
19.10. Skeletal Dysplasias
19.11. Neoplastic Conditions
19.12. Diseases of the Dentition
19.13. Musculoskeletal Stress Markers
Chapter 20. Postmortem Skeletal Modification
20.1. Bone Fracture
20.2. Bone Modification by Physical Agents
20.3. Bone Modification by Nonhuman Biological Agents
20.4. Bone Modification by Humans
Chapter 21. The Biology of Skeletal Populations
21.1. Nonmetric Variation
21.2. Estimating Biological Distance
21.3. Diet
21.4. Disease and Demography
Chapter 22. Molecular Osteology
22.1. Sampling
22.2. DNA
22.3. Amino Acids
22.4. Isotopes
Chapter 23. Forensic Case Study
23.1. A Disappearance in Cleveland
23.2. Investigation
23.3. Inventory
23.4. Identification
23.5. Conclusion
Chapter 24. Forensic Case Study
24.1. Child Abuse and the Skeleton
24.2. A Missing Child Found
24.3. Analysis
24.4. The Result
Chapter 25. Archaeological Case Study
25.1. Background
25.2. Geography of the Carson Sink
25.3. Exposure and Recovery
25.4. Analysis
25.5. Affinity
25.6. Osteoarthritis
25.7. Limb Shaft Cross-Sectional Anatomy
25.8. Physiological Stress
25.9. Dietary Reconstruction
25.10. The Future
Chapter 26. Archaeological Case Study
26.1. Cannibalism and Archaeology
26.2. Cottonwood Canyon Site 42SA12209
26.3. Discovery
26.4. Analysis
26.5. What Happened? The Osteological Contribution
Chapter 27. Paleontological Case Study
27.1. Atapuerca
27.2. Discovery
27.3. Recovery
27.4. Paleodemography
27.5. Paleopathology
27.6. Functional and Phylogenetic Assessment
27.7. Continuing Mysteries
Chapter 28. Paleontological Case Study
28.1. Background
28.2. Finding Fossils
28.3. The Geography, Geology, and Geochronology of Aramis
28.4. Discovering “Ardi¿
28.5. Recovering “Ardi¿
28.6. Restoring “Ardi¿
28.7. Documenting “Ardi¿
28.8. Studying “Ardi¿
28.9. Publishing “Ardi¿
Appendix 1. Imaging Methodology
Appendix 2. A Decision Tree (“Key¿) Approach to Tooth Identification
Appendix 3. Online Resources for Human Osteology
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
